These are the notes for Chapter 12 Lesson 2
Sorry they were posted Thursday but did not show up.

Chapter 12
Lesson 2
The Mediterranean
and
the Black Sea
Byzantine Trade
* Constantinople - the capital of the Byzantine Empire
* Ships sailed through the Red Sea and across the Indian Ocean to India
* Imported goods - furs, salt, wax, and Honey came from Kiev.
* Imported goods - Ivory, porcelain, jewels, silk, and spices came from India and China
* A tax was placed on all goods that went through Constantinople - made the Empire very rich

Greek Fire

* Was a chemical mixture that caught fire when water hit
* the Byzantine navy kept the sea routes safe with this secret weapon

How did trade make the Byzantine Empire wealthy?
* Through a tariff on all trade goods that passed through Constantinople
Why was gaining control of Mediterranean islands important to the Muslims of North Africa?
* They wanted control of Mediterranean trade.
* The islands were needed to protect their ships

* Venice helped the Normans defeat the Byzantine Empire and take over Constantinople
What ended the Italian city-states' monopoly on Mediterranean trade?

* The Ottoman Turks took over Constantinople
Study Questions for Lesson 2
* 1. How did the Byzantine Empire become so rich?
* 2. What was the secret weapon of the Byzantine navy?
* 3. Which empire did Venice have to defeat to gain control of trade routes in the Mediterranean Sea?

These are today's lesson notes and study questions
The study questions are for homework.
Chapter 12 Test is set for Wednesday
Lessons 1,2,and 3

Chapter 12 Lesson 3
The Northern Seas
Viking Adventurers
* a-vikinig- raiding overseas
* this term soon came to describe the warriors who carried out the attacks - the Vikings
* Countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden grew quickly and needed more supplies for the people who lived there

* The Vikings traveled in longships, or narrow, flat-bottomed boats
* The boats were powered by large, square sails but by many strong rowers
* Attacked at night or early in the morning
* Carried off women and children to be sold as slaves
* What they could not steal they set on fire





* The Vikings began to settle the lands that they had conquered
* Some of the land they settled in was:
* Russia
* Denmark
* England
* France
* Iceland
* Greenland
* Scotland
* Ireland
* North America

Why did Scandinavians take up
a-viking, and why did they stop their raids?
* To find food and land for their people
* They gained the land they needed

Why do you think the Vikings stopped their raids of other lands?
* They eventually traveled far from their homes in Scandinavia and decided to settle where they found land and other things they wanted and needed

How would you describe the route the Vikings took to get to Pisa in what is today Italy?
* It was entirely by sea
The Rus
* This was the name given to the Vikings by the people of eastern Europe called the Slavs
* They traded sable and squirrel skins and other kinds of skins


What trade routes did the Rus control?

* The northern waterways of Europe
Hansas
* Northern European merchants decided to work together for protection
* Members agreed to share the cost of trading including:
* Renting the ships
* Paying guards for trade caravans


Over the next hundred years, the merchants of about 200 northern European towns joined this Hanseatic League
* The league had its own navy
* Economic power
* Gained new trade agreements
* Controlled the northern sea trade for almost 100 years


Why was the Hanseatic League formed?
* to protect the merchants in the group

Look at the map on page 405
What do you think would have happened to the merchants of a town such as Riga if they had not joined the Hanseatic League?
* they would have lost all sea trade opportunities

Where did the Vikings, and later the Hanseatic League, trade?
* Northern Europe

How did Viking territorial expansion help the Vikings and the Hanseatic League become leaders of trade?
* It gave each control of a larger trade network that included important trade routes and access to a wide variety of goods
Where is territorial expansion taking place today?
How does it compare to expansion that took place in earlier times?
* The former Yugoslavia provides one example of present-day expansion


When merchants work together, as the Hanseatic League merchants did, what happens to competition? How does this affect consumers?
* there is less competition
* less competition can result in higher prices for consumers

Chapter 12 Lesson 3 Study Questions

1) What two great cultures developed in the Northern Sea?
2) What is a saga?
3) Where did the Vikings name originate?
4) What countries made up Scandinavia?
5) Why did the Scandinavians take to the sea?
6) What did the Vikings travel in?
7) How did the Vikings create an element of surprise?
8) Who were the Vikings slaves?
9) Who were the first people attacked by the Vikings?
10) What other cities did the Vikings attack?
11) What is territorial expansion?
12) Name the settlements set up by the Vikings.
13) Why do you think the Vikings stopped their raids of other lands?
14) What trade routes did the Rus control?
15) Who were the Hansas?
16) Why was the Hanseatic League formed?

Here are your study question and answers for Chapter 12 Lesson 1 and 2
Start to study now for the test on Wednesday

Geography Test that were taken on Friday will be given back on Monday

Chapter 12 Lesson 1 Study Questions

What city became known as "the harbor of the world"? Why?
* Baghdad
* Because everything traded came through Baghdad

How did the people of Baghdad reach the people of Guangzhou for trading?
* Sailed on the Tigris River to Basra and across the Indian Ocean to the China Sea

What products did the ships have on board when they arrived in China?
* Dates
* Sugar
* Linen cloth
* Perfumes
* jewels

What goods did the Arab merchants export from China?
* Silks
* Porcelain bowls
* Cotton
* Pepper
* spices

How long did a round trip take?
* 18 months

What are junks?
* Wooden boat with four-sided sails

Define diplomat.
* A person skilled in developing treaties

How did Muslim ways and religion spread to countries bordering the Indian Ocean?
* Through Muslim trading communities

Who were the Swahili?
* Arab traders who married East African women and raised families

How did Islam differ from the religions of many peoples in the Indian Ocean region?
* Muslims recognized one God, while many people in the region worshipped many gods

Where was the richest Swahili city-state?
* Kilwa

How did the Swahili city-states develop?
* Through Arabian interaction and trade

What part did the people of the Shona Empire play in trade across the Indian Ocean?
* The Shonas controlled the Central African gold mines


Chapter 12 Lesson 2 Study Questions


How did trade make the Byzantine Empire wealthy?

* Through a tariff on all trade goods that passed through Constantiople

Why was gaining control of Mediterranean islands important to the Muslims of North Africa?
* They wanted control of Mediterranean trade
* The islands were needed to protect their ships

How would you describe the location of the Byzantine Empire in 1350?
* It was located in eastern Europe and part of western Asia

What actions of the Venetians showed that they considered themselves independent of the Byzantine Empire?
* They helped the Normans drive the Byzantines out of Italy
* They told crusaders to attack Constantinople

Why do you think Venetian merchants traveled in so many different directions?
* They were in search of a wide variety of trade items
* To expand their number of trading partners

What ended the Italian city-states' monopoly on Mediterranean trade?
* The Ottoman Turks took over Constantinople

Look at the graph on page 399 about what percent of citizens were sailors or shipbuilders?
* About 30 percent

Have a great weekend!!! Go to the Rebel game and cheer on the Rebels!!!

Study Questions due on Thursday

Chapter 12 Lesson 1 Study Questions

1) What city became known as "the harbor of the world"? Why?
2) How did the people of Baghdad reach the people of Guangzhou for trading?
3) What products did the ships have on board when they arrived in China?
4) What goods did the Arab merchants export from China?
5) How long did a round trip take?
6) Define diplomat.
7) How did Muslim ways and religion spread to countries bordering the Indian Ocean?
8) Who were the Swahili?
9) How did Islam differ from the religions of many peoples in the Indian Ocean region?
10) Where was the richest Swahili city-state?
11) How did the Swahili city-states develop?
12) Describe Great Zimbabwe.
13) What part did the people of the Shona Empire play in trade across the Indian Ocean?


Chapter 12 Lesson 2 Study Questions

1. How did trade make the Byzantine Empire wealthy?
2. Why was gaining control of Mediterranean islands important to the Muslims of North Africa?
3. How would you describe the location of the Byzantine Empire in 1350?
4. What actions of the Venetians showed that they considered themselves independent of the Byzantine Empire?
5. Why do you think Venetian merchants traveled in so many different directions?
6. What ended the Italian city-states' monopoly on Mediterranean trade?
7. Look at the graph on page 399 about what percent of citizens were sailors or shipbuilders?

Daily Geography Test is on Friday!!!
Study now, Review Thursday!!!

Indian Ocean Trade Game was today's lesson
Remeber to bring the game sheets back to class on Thursday

Homework due on Wednesday
Read Chapter 12 Lesson 2 Pages 396 - 399
Define Vocabulary Page 396
Lesson Review Questions 1 - 4 Page 399
DON'T FORGET YOUR CALCULATORS

Don't forget about your daily geography test on Friday, study now, review on Thrusday

World History
Chapter 12

Sea and River Trade

Lesson 1
* Read Lesson 1
* Define vocabulary
* Monsoon
* Lateen sail
* Dhow
* Junk
* Diplomat
* Swahili


* Monsoon - strong winds that blow across the Indian Ocean
* Lateen sail - triangle-shaped sail lets a ship travel into the wind
* Dhows - Arab ships used lateen sails to travel east toward China when the northeast monsoon blew
Junks - wooden boats with four-sided-sails ( Chinese )

From Baghdad to Guangzhou
* Baghdad became "the harbor of the world"
* Ships sailed down the Tigris to Basra to load their ships with goods
* Ships sailed from Basra to the ports of East Africa, India, and China

Monsoons
* Merchants set out for the East late in the year
* Strong winds blew across the Indian Ocean
* The winter monsoon blows from the northeast between November and March
* The summer monsoon blows from the southwest between April and October

* The Swahili City-States
* Arab traders wanted gold, ivory, animal skins and sometimes slaves
* Arab traders started communities in the trading ports of East Africa
* Arab traders married East African women and started the Swahili culture
* Most Swahili became Muslim


How did the Swahili city-states develop?
* Through Arabian interaction and trade
What part did the people of the Shona Empire play in trade across the Indian Ocean?
* The Shonas controlled the Central African gold mines

Classroom notes for World History
Homework: Make sure you have completed Chapter 11 Section 1 Review Questions Page 371

Today's Geography question was:
2. By 12,000 years ago early people were living on every continent but one. Which one was that?

Read through your notes each night to help you study.

Chapter 11
Lesson 1
Notes

Africa

* The second largest continent in the world
* Five regions of Africa
* North Africa
* West Africa
* Central Africa
* East Africa
* Southern Africa

Great Rift Valley

* 3,500 miles long
* North and South through east Africa
* One of the world's longest and deepest valley systems


* Deserts cover large parts of Africa
* Sahara - world's largest desert
* 3.5 million square miles of North Africa

West Africa
* Most of west Africa is savanna
* Tropical rain forest - tropical region on the southern coast and central Africa

Why was survival for early people of the savanna easy?
* full of wild animals for hunting
* fertile soil for growing crops
Nok people
* 1) began to shape iron by heating in 300 B.C.
* 2) lived 900 B.C. to A.D. 200
* 3) lived in northern Nigeria
Iron changed the lives of the Nok people by:
* stronger weapons for hunting and fighting
* easier to clear land
* easier to grow crops
* made the Nok more powerful
Soninkes
* had taken over much of the West African grassland
* lived along the Niger River
* land was very fertile
* used their location by using water from the Niger River to irrigate their land
Soninkes were good traders
* location was ideal for a center of trade
* region lay between the forestlands south of Niger and ghe desert lands of the Sahara in North Africa
* North African merchants crossed the Sahara to trade with Soninkes
* Main trade good was gold

Soninke Trade Cycle
* Soninkes traded salt to Wangaras for gold
* Then Soninkes traded the gold to North African merchants for salt
Soninkes also traded for good such as:
* paper
* woven cloth
* Perfume
* This wealth led to the development of the first great empire in West Africa
Ghana

* West African empire
* Located between Senegal and upper Niger rivers
* Began its rise to power 700 B.C.
* Year 1000 B.C. covered 100,000 square miles
* Ghanaian army kept trade routes open across the savanna
* Charged tariff's on all goods passing through savanna
* Tariff money used for government and to feed army
* Ghana was called "master of the gold"
* War between Ghana and Berber that led to the end of Ghana empire
How did the contact with Muslim North Africans through trade change the lives of people of West Africa?

* Muslim traders showed West Africans how to use money
* Brought the Arabic language
* West Africans accepted the religion of Islam
* Kings became Muslims
Mali

* formed in West Africa
* people who founded Mali was call Malinkes
* Mali's riches came from the gold-and-salt trade
* Mali grew twice as large as Ghana empire
* Mansa Musa great leader, 1307 to 1332
* Mansa Musa encouraged knowledge and study
* Mali became a center of learning
* Established a university at Timbuktu
Songhay

* Mali weakened and Songhay rose to power
* Grew rich from controlling trade routes
* Songhay overthrown by the ruler of Morocco in 1591

Homework

Chapter 11 Lesson 1 Review Page 371 Questions 1-5
Chapter 11 Lesson 2 Review Page 379 Questions 1-5

Remeber to review your daily geography each day.
Today's geograpy question was: 1. From which continent did early people probably begin their global migration?

HAVE FUN THIS WEEKEND!!!!

NO HOMEWORK!!NO HOMEWORK!!
NO HOMEWORK!!NO HOMEWORK!!