Vocabulary Test on Thursday All Classes
Chapter 19 Lesson 1,2,3 Test on Friday
Newspaper project due on Friday Adv. only


The Russian Revolution

Czar - leader of Russia

Most czars treated Russian people harshly

Peter the Great
*ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725
*helped Russia become more modern
*built the grand city of St. Petersburg
*collected high taxes from everyone


Catherine the Great

*ruled Russia in 1762
*supported learning and the arts
*did little to improve the lives of the Russian people


Czar Nicholas II

*came to the throne in 1894
*wanted to keep things the way they were
*workers went on strike and Nicholas made the necessary changes
*forced to give up the throne on March 15, 1917

Why were the Russian people unhappy with their leaders?

*They were treated very harshly
*Czars held all wealth and authority while peasants and factory workers owned nothing


Communism - a system in which all property and all means of production, such as farms and factories, belong to the people as a group

Who controlled the power and money in Russia?

*The czar
*The nobles



Lenin

*Helped to found the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
*He wanted an end to the democratic government
*His slogan was "Peace, Land, and Bread."
*Took control of the government in November 1917
*Formed the secret police called the Cheka
*Those opposed to Lenin formed the fighting force called the White Army
*The Bolsheviks and Lenin formed the Red Army
*By 1921 the Red Army had defeated the White Army
*The Bolsheviks executed Nicholas II and his family


What did the Bolsheviks promise the Russian people?

*Peace
*Land
*Bread


In 1922 Russia was renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
*When Lenin died in 1924, Joseph Stalin took over.
*Stalin ordered farmers to work on collectives and forced thousands of people to work in large factories
*All those who opposed Stalin were killed or put into prison or slave labor camps
*Under Stalin the Soviet Union became a world power, but the Soviet citizens had no rights
*Stalin placed all parts of the economy under government control

Purge - all those who opposed Stalin were killed or put into prison in Siberia

Totalitarian state - a state in which the government has complete control over people's lives

Even with all the changes, Soviet citizens had no more freedom or political power than earlier Russian citizens had under the czars

How did Stalin build a totalitarian state?

*Set up collectives
*Placed the economy under government control
*Imprisoned or killed opponents of his government



Chapter 19 Lesson 2
Study Questions

1.Why were the Russian people unhappy with their leaders?
2.Who controlled the power and the money in Russia?
3.How did Czar Nicholas II fall from power?
4.Why do you think Lenin's slogan "Peace, Land, and Bread" gained him many followers?
5.Do you think that Lenin's actions had a positive or a negative effect on the Russian people?
6.What did the Bolsheviks promise the Russian people?
7.Under whose rule did Russia grow most in size?
8.How did Stalin build a totalitarian state?
9.Who led the Bolsheviks to power?
10.In what ways were the government and the economy of Lenin and Stalin different from those of the czars? How were they similar?

Chapter 19
Lesson 1

World War I

How did nationalism create conflicts in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century?

* Caused countries to act at the expense of others
* Encouraged people to break away from the control of others


Preparing for War

Militarism - a strong interest in armed power

Conscription - the drafting of young men to serve in the armed forces for a set number of years

Arms race - competition to have the most weapons

European leaders began to form alliances, or agreements, with other nations.
These alliances included the promise to help one another against enemies in case of war.

Triple Alliance

* Austria-Hungary
* Germany
* Italy


Triple Entente

* France
* Russia
* Great Britain


Why did the European nations build up their military power?

* Many leaders believed they could get what they wanted through militarism


The World at War

On June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand and archduchess was assassinated in Sarajevo by a young Serbian nationalist.
The leaders of Austria-Hungary thought that the Serbian government had something to do with the assassination.

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
Alliances quickly went into operation


* Austria-Hungary > Serbia


* Germany > Russia


* Germany > France


* Britain > Germany


* Japan > Germany



Allied Powers

* Britain
* France
* Russia

Central Powers

* Germany
* Austria-Hungary
* Allies

United States stayed neutral until 1917 when German submarines attacked United States ships that were trading with Germany's enemies.

On May 7, 1915 the Lusitania ocean liner was attacked by the Germans and sunk killing 1198 people ( 124 were Americans )

On April 2, 1917 President Wilson asked Congress to declare war to "bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free."



How did the assassinations of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife lead to war?

Austria-Hungary thought the Serbs were responsible for the assassinations so it declared war on Serbia. The alliance system then sprang into action.

Why do you think World War I spread beyond Europe's borders?

Because of the system of alliances that was in place


What new roles did women take on during World War I?

At home, women kept their countries going by doing the jobs men had been doing
In their countries' armies and navies, they provided support services

What role do women play in the United States military today?

Women serve in active duty

War in an Industrial Age

8 million soldiers were killed and 20 million were wounded
The high numbers of injuries and deaths during the war resulted partly from new technology, machines guns, tanks and a poisonous spray called mustard gas

How did new technology add to the destruction during World War I?

* Countries how had deadly new weapons

Which side lost more soldiers, the Allied Powers or the Central Powers?

* The Allied lost more soldiers

The war was finally over on November 11, 1918.
* Delegates met in Versailles, France to decide on the terms of peace
* President Wilson proposed Fourteen Points Plan for peace
* Treaty of Versailles included some of Wilson's ideas
* Treaty treated Germany very harshly
* Delegates signed the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919

Armistice - an agreement to stop fighting

Why do you think Wilson's Fourteen Points proposal was not accepted by the delegates to the peace conference?

Many delegates believed that a lasting peace could be guaranteed only by punishing and disarming Germany

What new countries were formed in Europe because of the treaty?

Poland, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

How did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany?

* Germany had to take full responsibility for the war
* Pay for damages
* Reduce its weapons and the size of its army
* Give up territory

Make sure all study questions are complete Chapter 19 lesson 1 and 2.
If you did not finish your Fourteen Points Project, finish and turn it in on Monday.

Start now studing for your vocabulary on Chapter 19.
Vocabulary Test is scheduled for Tuesday.

Chapter 18 Test
Study Guide

1. What contributes to the rise of national feelings?
2. Study about Giuseppe Garibaldi?
3. Who united much of northern Italy? Southern Italy?
4. What brought about nationalism?
5. Why did European countries compete for control of lands in Africa?
6. Define imperialism
7. What was indirect rule?
8. Why did the British want to gain control of the Suez Canal?
9. What ended the Great Mutiny?
10. Who was the founder of Young Italy?
11. What was the main goal of Otto von Bismarck?
12. Who were the sepoys?
13. What country did David Livingstone explore?
14. How were British colonies in Africa ruled?
15. How were French and German colonies in africa ruled?
16. Why did the European countries build colonial empires?
17. How did the African leaders respond when European countries came to take control?
18. What countires does the Suez Canal connect?
19. The Suez Canal allows direct travel between what bodies of water?
20. Who was the conflict betwen in the Great Mutiny?
21. How didd the East India Company lose its authority in India?
22. What waws the only port city that the Chinese would allow the US to trade from?
23. What was the Opium War?
24. Who united Germany?

ATTENTION: TEST IS ON FRIDAY
ALL QUESTIONS AND NOTES
CLASS REVIEW WILL BE ON THURSDAY

Notes from Wednesday

Chapter 18 Lesson 2
Age of Imperialism


The Scramble for Africa

* Europeans had been increasing their contact with the Africans since the 1400's
* Contact had been on the coast and Europeans knew nothing about Africa's interior

David Livingstone
* famous explorer,Scottish doctor and missionary
* arrived in Africa in 1841
* spent more than 30 years exploring the African interior
* kept a journal of in which he described the land and people he met


Traders wanted timber, rubber, and other raw materials from Africa.

They also wanted Africans to buy their goods

During the 1870's many European governments conquered the lands where they did business and set up colonies to protect their trade

Imperialism- European countries began to compete with one another to add more lands to their colonial empires.

Africa was divided up between 14 European nations. Africa did not have any representation when the land was divided.

British colonies in Africa
* ruled by indirect rule
* African officials were allowed to run their own communities
* British officials handled important matter that affected the whole colony as a whole


French and German colonies

* governed by direct rule
* European officials handled all colonial affairs

European officials ran the economy of each colony
The Europeans built mines, factories, and plantations
Workers were treated like slaves

Cash crops- crops raised to sell rather than to use at home
Crops were exported to markets in Europe

Why did the European countries build colonial empires in Africa?
For raw materials to fuel the Industrial Revolution and for a new market for their goods

Why might Africans not have liked the direct rule system set up by the French and Germans?
Because it did not give them any say in government; because they could not participate in their own government

Why might Africans have been unhappy with the indirect rule system of the British?
Because British officials who handled matters affecting the colony as a whole had the power to overturn decisions made by African officials for their communities

How did the African leaders respond when European countries came to take control?
Some gave into the charges, but others fought to keep their lands and their ways of life



Why do you think European countries wanted colonies in different parts of Africa?

To get a variety of raw materials, to spread their power over a large area, to have markets and ports in different locations

Why do you think Muslims so fiercely opposed the European powers?
Because most Europeans were Christians, and Muslims in Africa feared that the Europeans would want to convert Africans to Christianity or might not allow them to practice the Islamic faith freely

What does the East African leader say that makes it clear that the East Africans are serious about keeping their lands?
They are ready for war, if necessary; they would rather die in a fight than become German subjects

Egypt and the Suez Canal

By 1900 Britain controlled African lands from the Mediterranean coast to the southern tip of the continent
One of the most important was Egypt



Suez Canal
* Dug by the French engineers
* Dug through the Isthmus of Suez
* Connects northeastern Africa to western Asia
* Allows direct travel between the Mediterranean and Red Seas
* Shortens the sea route from Europe to Asia by several months
* Britain bought up all the shares of the canal and took control in 1857

Why did European nations show interest in Egypt after the building of the Suez Canal?
The canal in Egypt shortened the sea route from Europe to Asia, saving months of travel

Sepoys- Indian soldiers led by British officers

East India Company
* Brought British government and British ways to the lands it controlled
* Made agreements with the Indian princes to protect their business
* Took India's raw materials for British industry
* Sell British industrial goods in India




Great Mutiny
* Many Indians became angry about the East India Company's rule
* 1857 anger flared into rebellion
* sepoys and Indian people mutinied against the company
* British soldiers were sent to India and the Great Mutiny ended


How did the East India Company gain authority in India? Queen Elizabeth I gave the company the authority to control trade, which it protected through treaties and war
How did it lose that authority? The Great Mutiny ended that control

China

* Trade brought the western countries to China
* Trade came the port city of Guangzhou
* Did not want to learn western ways
* East India company wanted to open up all ports, so they had to offer China, they offered opium
* Opium is a dangerous habit forming drug made from the poppy plant



Opium War

* Between Britain and China
* 1839 the Chinese tried to stop the drug trade
* destroyed the British supplies of opium stored at Guangzhou
* used the gunboats to defeat the Chinese
* signed a treaty in 1842 giving the British trading rights


How did foreign powers come to control much of China?

* Taking advantage of the Chinese desire for opium gave Britain a foothold in China and special trading rights
* Soon other nations wanted the same trading rights
* The open door policy allowed Westerners to keep control

Study Questions due on Wednesday

Chapter 18 Lesson 2 Study Questions
Pages 542 - 547
1. Why did the European countries build colonial empires in Africa?
2. Why might Africans not have liked the dire3ct rule system set up by the French and Germans?
3. Why might Africans have been unhappy with the indirect rule system of the British?
4. Why do you think Muslims so fiercely opposed the European powers?
5. Why does the East African leader say that makes it clear that the East Africans are serious about keeping their lands?
6. How did African leaders respond when European countries came to take control?
7. Why do you think European countries wanted colonies in different parts of Africa?
8. Why did European nations show interest in Egypt after the building of the Suez Canal?
9. Why might the East India Company have decided to use Indian soldiers in its army?
10. Do you think it is surprising that the sepoys turned against the company? Why or why not?
11. Which country claimed the Philippines? What resources did it find there?
12. How did the East India Company gain authority in India? How did it lose that authority?
13. How did foreign powers come to control much of China?
14. Why do some nations try to control the governments and economies of other nations?

Read Chapter 18 Lesson 1 Notes
Complete Chapter 18 Lesson 1 Study Questions
Complete Lesson 1 Review

Chapter 18
Lesson 1
Rise of Nationalism

? Why do people today feel proud of their country?

? As you read, think about how people in the 1800?s began to develop a sense of belonging to a country

Nationalism Grows
? nationalism ? loyalty to a nation
? when people work together can promote nationalism
? a language, religion, or race can unite a people as a nation
? in some countries people have come together even though they seem to share very little

? the people of the United States have a variety of heritages, follow different religions, and are of different races.
? Still, they have a strong sense of belonging to a nation
? love of freedom defines the United States

How did the pride the French felt differ from the pride the Americans felt?
? The French were proud of working together to gain a greater voice in government;
? the Americans were proud of the new nation they had created

What brings together people of different backgrounds in the United States?
? a shared love of freedom

What conditions encourage the rise of nationalism?
? working together to solve a problem, geography, shared language or religion, and a common love of freedom

Italian Nationalism
? Italy experienced the rise of nationalism early, in the 1830?s
? Italy was a collection of separate states and kingdoms
? Catholic Church ruled Rome and the states around it
? Members of the Austrian and French royal families ruled the other small states

Giuseppe Mazzini
? leader of a group the separate states and kingdoms should unite to form a single nation
? founder of the nationalist group, Young Italy
? his goal was to unite Italy into one democratic republic governed by and for the Italian people

Giuseppe Garibaldi
? the heart of the Italian people
? joined Young Italy in 1834
? leader of several revolts
? lead a revolt and captured the Island of Sicily and freed much of Southern Italy

Count Camillo di Cavour
? chief minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
? united much of the northern part of Italy
? Cavour convinced Garibaldi to set up a kingdom of Italy
? King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia became the first ruler of this new nation
? Italy became fully united when Emmanuel?s soldiers finally captured Rome

German Unification
? early 1800?s, Germany was a collection of separate states
? Since 1815 these states had been united in a confederation, or loose alliance, which had little authority

Otto von Bismarck
? chancellor of Prussia in 1862
? he said that the world was run ?not by speeches and decisions? but by ? iron and blood.?
? 1864 he declared war on Denmark
? then he attacked and defeated Austria

? King Wilhelm I of Prussia became the kaiser or emperor
? Bismarck became the chancellor of the empire

Bismarck worked hard to make Germany strong
? sponsored laws that gave help to industry
? took steps to build up the army and navy
? made Germany a leading power in Europe

Which area was the last to join Italy?
? Venetia

Which became part of the united nation first, southern Germany or northern Germany?
? northern Germany

How did Bismarck unite Germany?
? By defeating Denmark and Austria, he was able to unite the states into one empire

National Feeling Grows in Japan
? Japanese national pride grew out of concern over threats from other countries
? Mathew Perry forced the Japanese to open up their ports to the United States for trade
? 1868 the samurai overthrew the shogun and restored the emperor to power
? The emperor called his reign Meiji, this time in Japanese history is called the Meiji Restoration

What caused the rise of nationalism in Japan?
? fear of threats from other countries

How did the Japanese return to or restore, tradition during the Meiji Restoration?
? they brought back the emperor
? they did everything they could to ensure that the ?spirit of the old Japan? would not change
? they continued to follow Eastern ways

What are some reasons why people today feel proud of their country?






Chapter 18 Lesson 1
Study Questions
Page 534- 539


1. Why do you think a picture of a British queen is used to open a chapter of the growth of nationalism and imperialism?
2. How did the pride the French felt differ from the pride the Americans felt?
3. What brings together people of different backgrounds in the United States?
4. What conditions encourage the rise of nationalism?
5. Which area was the last to join Italy?
6. How did Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour help unite Italy?
7. Which became part of the united nation first, southern Germany or northern Germany?
8. How did the Japanese return to, or restore, traditional during the Meiji Restoration?
9. How did Bismarck unite Germany?
10. What caused the rise of nationalism in Japan?
11. What are some reasons why people today feel proud of their country?

Homework
Read Chapter 18 Lesson 1 and 2

Define the following Vocabulary
from Chapter 18 lesson 1 and 2

1. nationalism
2. kaiser
3. imperialism
3. indirect rule
4. direct rule
5. cash crop
6. sepoy
7. Great Mutiny
8. Open Door policy
9. evaluate
10. fact
11. opinion
12. primary source
13. secondary source
14. bias

bring these words and definitions to class on Thursday
Vocabulary Test will be on Friday

Chapter 17 Test is Wednesday
Test includes lesson 1 and 3, questions and vocabulary

Chapter 17 Lesson 1
Questions and Answers

1.Why would an iron plow be better than a wooden plow?
? because an iron plow would be stronger, making it less likely to break

2.Why might it be said that if the flying shuttle had not been invented, the spinning jenny would not have been invented?
? with the flying shuttle, cloth could be woven so quickly that thread could no longer be spun fast enough; the spinning jenny was invented to spin thread faster

3. What new ways of farming did British farmers introduce?
? iron plows, seed drills, and crop rotation

4. How did new technology change the textile industry?
? the spinning frame, the power loom, and other new technology speeded up the production of cloth and created the need for factories

5. Why did Britain lead the way in the Industrial Revolution?
? Britain encouraged experimenting, it had many natural resources, its colonies provided many low-cost raw materials, and there was a growing demand for goods

6. Why did the invention of different types of machines increase after 1769?
? because the new machines used steam engines which had been perfected in 1769

7. Do you think the British could have led the Industrial Revolution of Britain had not had coal and iron?
? yes, because British colonies supplied important raw materials
? no, because coal was needed to run machines in the factories

8. What area had the greatest number of industries?
? the south around Manchester, Liverpool, and London

9. What was life like for working people during the Industrial Revolution?
? Long hours in the factories and other unhealthful working and living conditions made life difficult

10. What steps did the industrial countries take to find new markets and new sources of raw materials?
? established colonies in Asia and Africa and signed new trade agreements

11. Why did Britain and other industrial nations want more colonies?
? They needed new markets for their goods and new sources of raw materials

12. How can technology change people?s ways of life?
?

13. Name the inventions that shaped the Industrial Revolution.
? Crop rotation, flying shuttle, spinning jenny, steam engine, power loom, iron plow

14. Where did the Industrial Revolution start?
? Britain

15. Why did the British use crop rotation?
? to keep the soil fertile

16. What changes did the demand for wool have on the farmers? Why?
? forced them off of their land into the cities to find work in the factories

17. What was the flying shuttle?
? invented in 1733, made it possible to weave cloth twice as fast as on the old looms

18. What was the spinning jenny?
? one worker could spin eight threads at the same time

19. What event revolutionized the textile industry in 1769? Why?
? steam engine


Chapter 17 lesson 3
questions and answers
1. What might be considered a benefit of a traditional economy?
? People do not have to decide what to do for a living; they just follow in their parents footsteps

2. What problems might arise ina command economy?
? Individual workers might want more say about the direction of the economy; individual workers might want to earn more or pay less for goods

3. Do you think that the change in the makeup of the upper class was a positive development?
? Yes, because it opened the upper class to those who were not born into it

4. According to Adam Smith, how would capitalism benefit both owners and workers?
? the owners would make a profit and the workers would have jobs and wages

5. How were Europeans divided into social classes as the Industrial Revolution?
? wealthy landowners
? middle class workers
? factory and farm workers

6. Why did conflicts arise among the social classes in Europe?
? upper class looked down on the middle class
? the middle class claimed the upper class did nothing to earn its wealth
? the working class felt used by the middle class

7. Why do you think labor unions got results that workers had not been able to get before?
? because they organized large numbers of workers in a group and they could plan an carry out actions better and on a larger scale

8. What goal did Owen and Marx share?
? to live in a system in which all people were equal in position

9. Why was it unlikely that American workers would revolt?
? they could vote
? better off economically

10. What did utopians call for?
? small communities in which people would work together and share ownership and wealth equally